The discovery of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995 was effectively a response to the high mortality of AIDS in the global North, where the high cost ofindustrial pharmaceutical development could be afforded, and where large numbers of researchers could be trained and recruited, even though such prosperity did not provide immunity to the problem of HIV. It was in the end only through intemational aid that the therapy, although nearly one decade late and only available to those striving for inclusion (Nguyen 2010), could be accessed by HIV-infected individuals in the global South. Africa, home to "thousands of never-before treated patients" (4), was subsequently transformed from a field "too poor and chaotic to benefit from the high-tech antiretroviral medications" (6) to a continent that "is in vogue now" (7). Not only have African patients started on life-prolonging treatment thanks to the Global Fund and to the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), but "a research opportunity... lost in the United States" (84) has also been seized to attract US researchers who might generate scientific knowledge by investigating this virgin territory in treatment, and to drive local experts to play their part in the "making of a global health science" (7). However, since those very same people upon whom the North has attempted to impose "salvation" (169) overlap with those who have historically and collectively been on the receiving end of colonialism, it would be overly reductionist to view such lifesaving work as the ostensibly great achievement that proponents of global health might claim it to be. Rather, just as Johanna Tayloe Crane, in her monograph Scrambling for Africa, has invited readers to be critical of "the interplay between HIV science, technology, and global inequality" (12), the field has to be understood both in terms of rejecting the idea that salvation by global powers is a matter of humanitarianism and by considering the question: "Through what mechanisms have the social relations of global inequality become materially embedded within scientific technologies we use to study and treat AIDS?" (12).
